Public–private partnerships

• Private concession alongside a municipal water service provider within the same municipal district (iLembe);

Community and small-scale provision

• Municipal service outsourcing contracts to small, medium and micro enterprises (private) (Cape Town Metropolitan Council);
• Small-scale community-level service contracts managed and supported in water service provision activities at the municipal level by intermediary private and NGO contractors, and overseen on behalf of the District by a contracted public water board (selected municipalities within Chris Hani DM).

Public–public (and sometimes public–public–private)

• Municipal public company as WSP with a five-year management contract to a private consortium under the authority of a Metropolitan municipality (Johannesburg Water (JW) and Johannesburg Water Management (JOWAM) and the Johannesburg Metropolitan Council);
• Municipal public company as WSP with a six-year management contract to a private consortium under the authority of a local municipality (Maluti-a-Phofung Water Pty Ltd and the Uzinzo consortium and the Maluti-a-Phofung Municipality);
• Municipal public company as WSP under the multi-jurisdictional authority of two municipal districts and a local municipality (Uthukela Water Pty Ltd in the Amajuba and Umzinyathi Districts and the Newcastle LM);

Public internal

• Public water board and LM operating within a municipal area (Bushbuckridge LM); and
• Municipal water service provider across an entire municipal district (Ugu DM).